Propylene glycol (PG) is a versatile pharmaceutical excipient used primarily for its ability to dissolve a wide range of substances and maintain moisture. Classified as a diol or double alcohol (C3H8O2), it is a clear, odorless, and viscous liquid that is miscible with water.
Key Functions as an Excipient
Solvent & Co-solvent: Used in oral, topical, and parenteral (injectable) formulations to dissolve poorly water-soluble drugs. It is common in medications like diazepam, lorazepam, and phenytoin.
Humectant: Prevents formulations, particularly creams and ointments, from drying out by attracting and retaining moisture.
Preservative: In concentrations of 1530%, it can act as an antimicrobial agent to prevent spoilage.
Stabilizer: Helps maintain the physical stability of emulsions and prevents solid particles from settling in suspensions.
Viscosity Modifier: Adjusts the consistency and flow properties of liquid or semi-solid products.
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